Morally chaotic world In King Lear

Shakespeare presents a variety of ways in which moral chaos is brought about, including the disruption of the natural order and the characters possession of typically corrupted morals, even going as far as questioning the morals of his own society. However, having different principles in a modern audience, we tend to have different interpretations of ‘moral chaos’ to that of a contemporary audience. In king Lear, Shakespeare arguably does create a ‘morally chaotic world’, particularly trough the notion of the ‘natural order’ being disrupted. The betrayal of the children against their fathers illustrates a significant disruption of nature, as it was considered natural and necessary for children to have unfaltering obedience for their parents, particularly their fathers. When Cordelia publicly refuses to obey her father’s wishes, she goes against the true qualities of a 17th century daughter in the natural order and it is arguably this initial rebellion that causes the suffering and tragedy throughout the rest of the play. According to feminist critics, Cordelia’s refusal to flatter Lear can be interpreted as an opposition to Lear’s authority and thus a direct challenge to the natural patriarchal order of the seventeenth century, the short emphatic sentence ‘Nothing’ stressing this assertiveness. We also see this betrayal of the father in the character of Edmund. By claiming ‘’I find it not fit for your o’er looking’’, not only does Edmund feign innocence, but he also portrays himself with overt concern for his father, reinforcing his false virtue. Edmund’s initial silence makes his soliloquy in the next scene in which he exclaims ‘’Legitimate, Edgar. I must have your land’’ exciting and surprising to the audience. The audience is privy to the Edmund’s scheming which creates a sense of dramatic irony, however in most productions; the Machiavellian Edmund is played as a ‘suavely intelligent, rather dashing figure’, creating a paradox as he is clearly evil yet alluring to the audience at the same time. Illegitimates were problematic for the rigid early modern social structure and were viewed as ‘extras’ that society struggled to accommodate. Therefore to a contemporary audience, the poor treatment of Edmund would come as no surprise; however a modern audience would interpret such extreme views on illegitimacy as immoral. As modern critic Foakes comments, â€Å"Edmund is the most dangerous and treacherous of the characters. Yet, he begins from a cause that we cannot identify as unjust†, illustrating how to a modern audience, Shakespeare does create a morally chaotic world through the poor treatment of Edmund, as the seventeenth century societal norms are so foreign from that of ours. Lear’s abdication can also be viewed as morally chaotic, as it was strongly believed in Jacobean society that Kings were chosen by divine right. In Lear’s pledge to ‘’express our darker purpose’’ the use of the adjective ‘darker’ to describe his actions illustrates the unnatural nature of such a decision. In Jacobean society, a king was an agent of God, and so it was seen as God’s responsibility to decide when his reign should end. A king’s handing power down the throne was against the divine order, and it was believed that Satan, through various evil spirits, was responsible for all attacks on the divine order. In Macbeth, a similar play, when King Duncan is murdered, the natural order is breached and chaos ensues: the day becomes as dark as night, Duncan’s horses turn wild and eat each other and a civil war breaks out. From a New Historicist stance, critics such as Tennenhouse argue that Shakespeare illustrates what happens when there is a ‘catastrophic redistribution of power’, therefore promoting the oppressive structures of the patriarchal hierarchy. However, other critics suggest that the tragedies occur because of society’s already ‘faulty ideological structure’, particularly emphasised in the David Farr production through the skewed girders, broken windows, sizzling strip-lighting and the eventual collapse of the flimsy kingdom walls. Moreover, Shakespeare appears to be presenting a morally chaotic world through the way in which the characters can be seen as possessing seen corrupted morals, motivated purely by materialism as opposed to moralistic values. We see this in the elegant and superficial speeches of Gonerill and Regan who claim to love Lear ‘Dearer than eyesight’, the hyperbole in these statements highlighting their manipulative nature and greed for worldly goods. Their actions throughout the rest of the play prove the fabrication of these initial promises. Johnson comments that King Lear is a play in which the ‘Wicked prosper and virtuous miscarry’. I find this view accurate as the audience can witness how the Machiavellian characters such as Gonerill and Regan are rewarded for their materialism, and given total rights over the kingdom, whereas the virtuous characters such as Cordelia and Kent are punished for their honesty and moralistic values, consequently demonstrating a world of chaotic morals. Lear himself is presented as morally ambivalent, similar to Claudius in Hamlet, initially valuing riches and reputation, which were the very things that fuelled his disillusionment and moral blindness. The love test he uses to bribe his daughters with ‘the largest bounty’ can be seen as an obvious attempt to buy their love and consequently boost his self-image. His rash reaction to Cordelia’s refusal to perform, pledging to ‘disclaim all paternal care’ illustrates how his hubris stops him from being able to differentiate between his honest daughter and his deceitful daughters. It also demonstrates the way in which the antagonists exploit the hamartia of the protagonist, heightening the tragic nature of the play. However, towards the end of the play, Lear’s character undergoes anagnorisis and so he comes to possess more virtuous principles. In Act 3, for the first time he recognises the plight of the ‘Poor naked wretches’ that are forced to ‘bide the pelting of [the]pitiless storm’, the alliteration in ‘pitiless’ and ‘pelting’ demonstrating the extreme suffering endured by those in poverty. Through Shakespeare’s emotive lexis, Lear is presented as regretful, empathetic, and compassionate, which directly contrasts with his initial selfishness and fixation with worldly things, and it is this contrast that presents a sense of moral confusion. On the other hand, through employing moral characters that remain virtuous throughout the play, Shakespeare doesn’t present a completely morally chaotic world. Cordelia’s character is the personification of virtue and morality, creating a direct juxtaposition with the immoral, Machiavellian characters such as Gonerill and Regan. When required to bargain her love for rights over the kingdom, she comments â€Å"I cannot heave my heart into my mouth†, portraying her honest nature. The idiom â€Å"heart in your mouth†, which suggests nervousness or fear, demonstrates that Cordelia does not see any reason to fear losing the land, emphasising her lack of materialism and strong moral compass. Expanding on this, Lear later describes her tears as â€Å"The holy water from her heavenly eyes†, the alliteration of ‘holy’ and ‘heavenly’ stressing her virtue and linking her to the Gods. Foakes comments â€Å"The optimistic thrust of Edgar's moralizing hints at the possibility of a happy ending. ’’ The play concludes with the moralistic character Edgar reigning over England, and although good characters such as Cordelia die, (which wasn’t received well by Shakespeare’s original audience), evil is ultimately eradicated whilst good triumphs. By the end of the play, Evil can even be seen to be eradicated by evil itself. Gonerill poisons Regan, and mentions in an aside after Regan feels the effects â€Å"If not I’ll ne’er trust medicine†, the secretive nature of this aside presenting her murderous and calculating nature. Shortly after, she commits suicide, which would have been seen as a great act of sin by a Jacobean audience, but ultimately evil defeats itself, evoking a rebalancing of morals and a move back towards the natural order. The play clearly descends from the embodied values of medieval morality plays, which was a popular form of drama in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. These plays present a direct conflict between good and evil, and ultimately the evil and chaos must be destroyed, and a moral lesson is learned. Overall, there are many aspects of King Lear that evoke a seeming moral chaos, however by the end of the play, as in all morality plays, the chaos is removed and moral order is restored, resulting in catharsis for the audience.

ABC Case Study

Inc. Has made some crucial errors within their company. Failed organization, teamwork, lack of proper training and time management seem to play the largest role in the problems that BBC is currently facing. These problems can all be worked on and inevitably corrected with the usage of the correct solution. Background Carl Robins has been appointed the new recruiter for BBC, Inc. Upon entry of his new position, he has been assigned the task of recruiting and hiring new employees for the Operations Supervisor, Monica Carroll.This Job would leave him with many there responsibilities, which Include, but are not limited to: scheduling the training, hosting orientation, preparing manuals and policy booklets, conducting physicals, and sending recruits in to be drug tested. Confident in his abilities to accomplish this, Carl Robins assures Robin that he could handle this, no problem. Even though Carl had roughly 2 months to prepare for the orientation and hiring of his new recruits, he faile d to look over his materials in a timely manner.Just a couple weeks before the orientation, he noticed that none of the trainees had been sent to drug jesting and a number of them had incomplete applications and transcripts. On top of that, he had no complete orientation manuals prepared for the 15 recruits. While running out of time and already frustrated with the current situation, he goes to the training room and realizes that it has been double booked during the time when he was to be giving the orientations. Carl has become overwhelmed and does not know what to do next. Key Problems The problems within BBC, Inc. As well as with Carl Robins, are obvious. There is a serious lack of team effort In a place and Job that requires such. Being able to work within a team Improves productivity and success, as well as enriches employee relationships (Mukluk, 2013). It would be in BBC, Inc. ‘s best interest to improve upon this. Proper teamwork would also improve Abs's organizational skills which seem to be lacking. Incomplete manuals and double booking of a training room would likely not occur with proper organization and team ability. On the Job training is also lacking within this company.Carl Robins was clearly unprepared for his Job of recruiting and training his prospective employees. He had no real understanding of hat all went into this before taking on such a big project. It's clear that he assumed things would be more organized and prepared for him to where he could wait until the last minute and be K. This was not the case and brings us into another key problem for Carl Robins, which is time management. Carl had ample time in the beginning to prepare for this Job, yet he waited over a month to start reviewing all his paperwork and scheduling affairs for his recruitment.He would not have felt near the overwhelming sense of pressure had he used his time wisely. Alternatives There are many different ways that BBC, Inc. Could've made this process go smoo ther and with more efficiency. Carl Robins, first, could have shadowed the former recruiter prior to taking on this Job. This way he would have known exactly what to expect when doing it on his own. He would know: where everything is, what is normal procedure, what typical problems arise and how long it takes to accomplish each increase his time management, Carl could have created a checklist and a deadline for each item on the checklist.This way he would not be pressed for time and would not verse any important factors within his efforts. This would increase his organization, as well as allow him to focus on one thing at a time. Another thing he could do to make this process go better, and within a timely manner, is to create a team within the workplace in which he could delegate different Jobs to. With the checklist and deadlines, he would know exactly what needs to get done and when, of which he could relay to his teammates.In response to the double booked room, Carl could try to work something out with his co-worker where he would give him the space for the ay of orientation, or he could find a different room to use. If he uses a different room, there's a chance it will not be able to accommodate all 15 trainees and he may have to split their orientations into two separate days. Proposed Solutions My proposed solution is to increase on the Job training. BBC had given a Job to an employee who was ill prepared. There is no reason that he should have expected manuals to be completed for future recruits when there wasn't even one available.This shows the lack of organization within the company prior to the entrance of Mr.. Robins. If this was a known fact, it should've been relayed to him with proper communication from his supervisor or any other co-workers who work alongside him. Carl should not have been thrown into a situation, first thing, where he had many hoops to Jump through. I also encourage creating checklists with deadlines. Focusing on one thing at a time decreases the chances of getting overwhelmed. For example, he should make sure all applications were completed, one recruit at a time, and then moved them straight into the drug testing.Drug testing should be done quickly as a arm of pre-qualification for the Job. Since drug testing costs money, it should go along with a complete application, in which also pre-qualifies the recruit for the Job. This would go more smoothly if not only he had a checklist for each task, but for each recruit. This way he could see his progress and overall completion for each trainee. He would not be surprised with every incomplete document and the fact that no one has been drug tested. He should be working with his co-workers with effective communication skills in order to ensure these things get completed.Team building exercises should be implemented within the whole company. Many problems factor back to a lack of teamwork and communication between employees. Some possible demodulating exercise s for BBC could be, Job shadowing (Hatfield, 2014), lunch room discussions, and back-to-back drawings (Middleton, 2014). Job shadowing is to be done within different departments (Hatfield, 2014). Allow employees the chance to shadow someone outside of their own department so they are familiarized with what other employees are doing. This would eliminate confusion on who is accessibility for what Job at BBC, Inc.This could also spark ideas of how employees could work together more effectively to accomplish tasks. Lunch room discussions would involve employees splitting off into discussion groups during a scheduled lunch time (Middleton, 2014). Employees would be split up at random with the intermingling of each department. In these groups, they will discuss problems within the workplace, as well as, examples of problems that could arise and what solutions they come up with for each issue. This would be very beneficial in creating a team deter communication.Two employees sit back-to-b ack and try to work together to complete a goal, solely with communication. One person has a shape in mind and the other person has a pencil and paper. The employee with the shape has to explain what to do with the pencil in order to complete the proper drawing without using any examples of the shapes itself. When finished, the two employees compare the shapes and encourage questions on communication and interpretations of employees. Recommendations I highly encourage team building exercises throughout the entire company.This will allow employees to understand what is happening with all their co-workers and gives them a better understanding of where they fit in. This will also allow them to work together in order to avoid scheduling conflicts. I also recommend better on-the-Job training. Carl should have been left in a much better position than what he was, despite some failures on his part. I also encourage organizational skills to be added into the workplace. Focusing on organizat ion is important to complete each Job in an effective and timely manner.

Caffeine C and E

What Do I Get From My Morning Coffee Some people are morning people, but I am not one of those people. Every morning it seems as if I am in a fog until that warm cup of coffee touches my lips. Similar to a drug habit, the more a person drinks coffee, the more it seems like that person cant function without it. But what are you really getting from your coffee? Along with other factors, coffee can have both positive and negative effects on your health. Coffee improves the bodys tolerance to glucose by increasing metabolism or mproving its tolerance to insulin.People who drink four cups of caffeinated coffee each day had shown to be 56 percent less likely to develop diabetes than were non- drinkers. Diabetes is the most common risk factor of liver cancer, so American adults may have something to celebrate as they sip their morning cup. A study of one hundred twenty-four older adults, ages sixty-five to eighty-eight, with mild cognitive impairment found that caffeine and coffee intake wa s associated with a reduced risk f developing Dementia and early onset Alzheimer's.Coffee is known to be problematic for acid reflux and heartburn. Acid reflux and heartburn can be caused by coffee due to the way it relaxes the lower esophageal sphincter (muscle that closes the airway). This small muscle should remain tightly closed to prevent the contents of your stomach from coming back up into the esophagus and burning its lining with hydrochloric acid. Drinking a lot of coffee will promote the release of the stress hormones cortisol and epinephrine.These hemicals increase your bodys heart rate, blood pressure and tension levels – the old fight or flight' response. All of this depends on how much coffee and caffeine your body can handle at one time. Although your shoe size isn't a factor that affects coffee, there are a number of other things that do, these include: your age, gender, how long you have drinkin coffee, and what kind of coffee you drink. Some studies show tha t drinking decaffeinated coffee does not have the same effects of drinking regular coffee. So it might Just be time to switch that morning cup.

Zero 2016 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Zero 2016 - Assignment Example Real home gives person confidence in own power to have a better life (ProvidenceJournal). Also, this program helps people to understand that they are not left behind. 3. The campaign targets chronic and veteran homeless people who are promised to be given an affordable housing during next two years ( «Zero: 2016 »). Basically, the campaign helps senior people who need someones help to have a better life. The campaign is powered by public and private sponsors who invest in affordable housing, training and rehabilitation for the homeless. It creates an environment where people can learn how to live in a different way. 4. The theme of the campaign is the permanent struggle with homelessness in the USA. Initiators of the campaign believe that shared learning environment and active community involvement can end homelessness faster than other conventional methods used to take homeless people away from streets. This campaign follows another successful campaign against homelessness called 100,000 Homes.  «Community Solutions Announces Selection of 71 Communities to Participate in Zero: 2016 ». Community Solutions. November 4, 2014. Web. December 15, 2014. ProvidenceJournal.  «More than a place to sleep: In R.I., a housing first solution for chronic homelessness ». Youtube. June 25, 2014. Web. December 15, 2014. < https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Bi5rzDs1zE&feature=youtu.be

Article reviews for Theory and Practice of Mediation

Reviews for Theory and Practice of Mediation - Article Example But in this practice it is impossible to establish a dialogue between the clients. Finally solution focussed in brief in nature so waiting lists can be reduced. The main point of this reading was though a solution focussed model is a good way of solving the conflicts it suffers from a few drawbacks. An important strength of this piece of work is that it is well organised and it appears as if a thorough research has been done about the topic before writing and the writer has a complete knowledge and understanding about the topic he is writing about. A weakness of this article is it has failed in explaining properly the actual concept or the actual theory of solution focussed model. When the focus of the mediator is on ascertaining whether there is an underlying cause that has fueled the parties’ conflicts and the attempt to interest the parties in addressing it than it is called as a strategic style approach. Strategic style is the product of particular mediator characteristics and social circumstances. The characteristics of strategic style are – the attention to the latent causes is extremely pragmatic, the style is enacted in 3 discrete stages. Therefore it shares some similarities with variants of mediation with respect to these points – problem centered, pragmatic focus, emphasis on hidden dimensions of conflict and the notion that the mediator is the strategist who drives the problem solving process. The main point of this reading is that the strategic style focuses on the causes of conflict between the parties. An important strength of this piece of article is that it provides a comparative study between different methods and the va rious similarities and also the differences between them. An important weakness of this piece of article is that it does the ways in which this method will help in finding the causes or reasons of a particular conflict between the two parties. This theory is

Answer some questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answer some questions - Assignment Example As a result, authentication, access control and auditing work together to establish network defense through the verification procedures, assigning roles to users and installing control mechanisms that curb errors and frauds. A breach of the CIA triad for a campus police department at a mid-sized private university will allow access of confidential information to third parties. This can lead to loss of data through modification, alteration and disclosure, leading to harmful risks to students and the institution’s database. As a result, hackers can obtain personal information of students and use them for illegal activities like cyber bullying, leaking of examination or tampering with the management information systems. Another breach is that criminals or hackers can access the police methods of tackling crime and use them to evade arrests. This is because new systems of operations are normally taught in the campus police departments. However, the potential problems of this new authentication system are that it can be stolen or lost easily, the system provider can face hacking or the cryptography can be cracked. This implies that the loss of the token can permit an authorized person to access the database. It is also apparent that hacking of the token can affect their security purposes, especially if the provider has not installed tight measures. OSI model portrays and standardizes the internal operations of a communication system. This occurs through the partitioning of the communication system into concealed details of the functionalities. The OSI model is essential for network security because it simplifies the communication between computers through internet connectivity in a secure manner (Ciampa 125). The various network investigation tools available online includes L0phcrack, Domain Dossier, John the Ripper and Dictionary attack. L0phcrack is a password recovery system that strengthens

Nursing scholarly articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nursing scholarly articles - Essay Example The article has provided educational interventions that may trim down burnout among nurses working in secure settings through the use of a systematic review. Some of the proposed methods of reducing burnout include the use of clinical supervision and PSI training (Stewart & Terry, 2014). This is because of the uniqueness in style, philosophy and objective of the techniques. Clinical supervision is crucial because it is based on interpersonal relationships and reflective dialogue while PSI training is more of a formal educational intervention that increases participants’ knowledge of serious mental challenges. Stewart and Terry (2014) argue that there are only two areas of focus when it comes to educational intervention. These two areas of focus are reflective learning which is central to clinical supervision and enhancement of professional development and the other area is improvement of knowledge, skills, and attitudes that promote understanding of various patient factors. According to Stewart and Terry (2014), reflective learning can help in analysing challenging encounters and develop good management plans apart from promoting emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence may help in regulating nurses’ moods as well as enhancing job performance, decision making skills and promotes resilience. Increased knowledge is also believed to promote understanding and improves attitude and empathy which have strong therapeutic effect on service users’ mental and social

Happiness Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Happiness - Assignment Example Travelling allows me to do all this alongside giving me mental peace, which I require every now and then to regain my sanity. My earliest memories of happiness stretch back to the time when I was a small kid. What I cherish most about that time was how I used to visit my extended family and friends and how doing so used to bring about a smile on my face. I still remember the time when I once went out for a picnic with my extended family when I was six years old, and back then I thought that life couldn’t have been any better than this. If I look at what’s missing in my life according to the balance wheel, then that would have to be absence of a good financial condition. What I feel my problem is that I usually spend way more than what I have and end up worrying about how I would deal with my future financial needs. I feel I should work on controlling my spending habits so that I lead a happy, peaceful and stress less

Hiring and Recruiting Salespeople Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Causal Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Causal Argument - Essay Example In the course of the ruling, the regulation was improved to permit States to opt-out of growing admission to Medicaid (Troy 30-32). The law necessitated all American citizens to have a health insurance plan by 2014 with an option of paying a month fee for every month short of minimum necessary coverage. The health plan was shared responsibility, which was unofficial to individual’s mandate. Supreme Court administrated it to be a tax plan but rather not a mandate by ruling June 28, 2012 (Troy 30-33). The healthcare law does not alter the approach to which insurance is obtained, since people can still purchase private insurance, acquire employer-established insurance, and acquire healthcare insurance plan via government programs like Medicaid or Medicare. However, the Obama Care only adds new ways of purchasing the insurance cover and plans. According to the law, insurance can only be purchased through state health insurance marketplaces where the insured obtain cost assistance and acquire apples-to-apples evaluations of plans (Hollander 1). According to the law, each insurance cover categories have their open enrollment times, consequently making certain categories of insurance plan to be purchased only during specific period of the year (Hollander 1). The Health Care Act is a problem to some quotas of the Americans who view it as expensive while others view is at cheaper. It necessitates all American citizens to buy a private health care insurance plan, get immunity or remit a tax fine on their end year taxes. According to the law, citizens who are unable to afford health insurance cost either qualify for Medicaid, Medicare, CHIP or acquire support in the formula of tax credits or support with the up-front costs via their State’s Health Insurance Exchange Marketplace (Wear 17-20). Those who cannot afford even after assistance especially when the insurance cost is more than 8 percent of their families

Organizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts Essay

Organizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts - Essay Example Deal and Kennedy (1982) refer to organizational culture as ‘the way things get done around here’. There are several different forms of organizational culture. Some of them include Process culture, which involves little or no feedback-such cultures are charged for being too bureaucratic but they are also known to be effective and consistent for public services; Task culture, which involves different teams for different tasks; Person culture, which involves individuals performing tasks on their own and consider themselves superior to the organization-however organizations adopting this form of culture face problems as it drifts away from the ‘group’ idea of the culture. Change of culture is a difficult task and requires huge resource investments because it is intensely established in the experience and background of an organization. Often, it is advised to outsource help from specialists outside the organization. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR Organizational behavior has different viewpoints. There are mainly three perspectives: modern, symbolic and postmodern. According to American academia there are micro and macro distinctions. Micro refers to individual and small organizational behavior. ... Studying organizational behavior is very interesting and challenging at the same time. It shows different results for different individuals. It is interesting to see how a person reacts under some situation and the other individual reacts differently under the same situation and to compare the two. In well-known organizations importance is given to this study as it shows how to improve the state within an organization and improving the output of the personnel. DIVERSITY The basic meaning of diversity is variety. Diversity can be anywhere in individual, religion, mind set, language, culture etc. Each individual is different. It’s important that we recognize them, accept them and commemorate them. Diversity basically creates balance in our society. Diversity is used immensely in financial field, it generally relates to managing financial assets and to put customer’s money in different stocks so as to get positive results. If there is some negativity in one company’ s share the client can get positive result from other thus balancing the loss. Overtime diversity has changed a lot. Long time ago it was used for black people in our societies but now it is being used as Asians, Latinos, Americans. Diversity management is really important in an organization to keep the workers of any color, caste or creed or from different faith or religion collectively in one environment with peace and tranquility. We can’t ignore the role of diversity in our world but the important step is to take it positively and try to ignore the negative impacts of it. This is the only way we can make this world a better place. COMMUNICATION Communication or effective communication is the exchange of information between people or groups. It

Currant Legislation for Home Based Childcare Essay Example for Free

Currant Legislation for Home Based Childcare Essay LawI would like to provide you with the following up to date legislation impacting on home-based childcare to ensure that your children are provided with the best possible care whilst with me. Sex Discrimination Act (1975) This Act states that all children are not discriminated against on the grounds of their sex and such discrimination is eliminated. It promotes equal opportunities between children no matter of their sex. Race Relation Act (1975) Amended 2000 This Act states that all children are not discriminated against their race and ensure early years providers work towards the elimination of unlawful discrimination and promote equal opportunities between children of different racial groups. Education Act (1981) This Act became law in 1983 and tried to provide adequate safeguards, rights and duties for all those concerned with the education of children with special educational needs and to ensure these children’s rights to be integrated into the life and work of the community. It also recognised parents’ rights regarding their children’s education. Public Health (Control of Disease) Act (1984) and Health Protection Agency Act (2004) All these legislations are focused on protecting people’s health, covering notification and exclusion periods for certain infectious diseases. Exclusions for children include exclusion from schools, places of entertainment or assembly. Education Reform Act (1988) The National Curriculum was introduced into England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a nationwide curriculum for primary and secondary state schools following the Education Reform Act 1988. Children Act (1989) This is the basis of the current child protection system in England and Wales and was introduced to consolidate and clarify previous legislation. It established the principle that a child’s welfare is paramount in any decisions made about their upbringing. It states that every effort should be made to preserve a child’s home and family links and also introduced the notion of parental responsibility. It details how local authorities and courts should act in order to protect the welfare of children. Education Act (1993) This Act is an education measure with the aim of making important changes to the education system in England and Wales. It has various chapters which give details on the responsibility for education, addressing children with special educational needs, setting out the requirements of school attendance and providing details in regard to admissions and exclusions. It also gives parents the right to ask for their child, which is under 2 years of age, to be formally assessed. Code of Practice for the identification and assessment of Children with Special Educational Needs (1994 revised 2001) This Code of Practice provides practical advice to educational settings, including Early Years settings, on carrying out their statutory duties to identify, assess and make provision for children’s special educational needs. Reporting of injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences regulation (RIDDOR) (1995). Major injuries, which include fractures other than to fingers, thumbs or toes, amputation, dislocation, loss of sight (temporary or permanent) * Accidents resulting in over 3 day injure * Notifiable diseases * Dangerous occurrences * Gas incidents Food Safety amp; General Food Hygiene Regulation (1995) This Act is not currently applicable to registered childminders but acquiring a basic Food Hygiene Certificate is considered good practice. Food should be prepared and provided in a hygienic way. Safety controls are in place, maintained and reviewed. Food safety hazards are identifies by doing risk assessments and implementing appropriate solutions. Family Law Act (1996) This Act sets out guidance on safeguarding and promoting the child’s welfare. Disability Discrimination Act (1995) This Act states that it is illegal to treat disabled person less favourably than a non-disabled person. Settings are required to make reasonable adjustments to prevent disabled people being discriminated. Education Act (1997) This Act incorporates all previous Acts since 1944. It recognise the rights of parents regarding their children’s education and set a time frame on the legal process for identifying and assessing a child’s needs as set out in the Code of Practice. Code of Practice for First Aid (1997) The Code of Practice sets out standard practice and guidance for trained first aiders and gives tailored advice to show different people in industry what they need to do to meet their legal responsibilities for health and safety. Human Rights Act (1998) The Act incorporates the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law. Children are covered by this legislation although not specifically mentioned. Protection of Children Act (1998) The Act states that the Secretary of State shall keep a list of individuals who are considered unsuitable to work with children. Data Protection Act (1998) It relates to information held about an individual. This includes medical records, social services files, facts and opinions about an individual. Anyone processing personal data must comply with the eight principles of good practice. T This Act introduced the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS), a statutory framework that sets the standards for learning, development and care of children in the period between child’s birth and their fifth birthday. It is designed to ensure that children receive a good start in life and build a solid foundation to prepare them for school and life. The revised EYFS is effective from September 2013. Safeguarding in Child’s Welfare (15th April 2013) This guidance sets out how organizations and individuals should work together to safeguard and promote the welfare of children and how practitioners should conduct the assessment of children.

Teamwork advantage and disadvantage

Teamwork advantage and disadvantage List and describe three advantages and three disadvantages of teams. From your personal experience, provide an example of one of the advantages and one of the disadvantages. â€Å"Although teamwork has many advantages, it also has a number of potential disadvantages.† â€Å"When teams are successful, they improve productivity, creativity, employee involvement, and even job security.† â€Å"At their worst, teams are unproductive and frustrating, and they waste everyones time.† (Thill and Bovà ©e, 2008, pgs 40 41) Some advantages include: 1) Increased information and knowledge — By bringing together subject matter experts from several areas of a company gives decision-making teams access to the most information possible; 2) Increased acceptance of a solution — People who are part of making a decision would most likely be the best in helping support, and effectively encouraging others to accept the decision, and 3) Higher performance levels — Working in teams and brainstorming can actually drive an individual to think out of the box. Teams give one the sense of belonging, of self-worth, dignity and also reduce any stress or tension there may be between workers. A personal example of being on a team that had the advantage of increased information and knowledge was in helping the developer of a Customer Relationship Management database by having everyone on the team give specifics as to what was expected out of this database. Within six weeks the database was up and running, with a few tweaks here and there since then, but is still up and running today. Some disadvantages include: 1) Groupthink — Groupthink occurs when individuals are intimidated, or pressured, into acting a certain way by thinking their opinions are not worth hearing. When in the end, their opinions may actually have been better than the end decision; 2) Hidden agendas — Some team members may have motives of trying to undermine another team member, or that they just simply want to take control of the group; and 3) Free riders — Free riders are individuals who show no enthusiasm and make no contributions to the decision-making process. A personal example of being on a team that had the disadvantage of having a free rider was during a two-day class that had various activities as a whole. In one of the activities, we were put in groups of five, were given a topic to discuss and list the reasons/outcomes, and then to present it to the entire group. Since this was not a graded activity, the group chose the free rider to make the presentation. The free rider was not too happy with this group decision, but realized if they would have participated, that someone else may have actually volunteered to make the presentation. The free rider made the presentation with as little enthusiasm as shown during the group activity. Whether youre working on an informal team, which the two most popular types are problem-solving and task forces, or on a formal team that is a committee, companies rely heavily on these teams. Teams can help bring about quicker solutions to problems or ideas that can help the company in the marketplace. This is because the members are employees that should have a vested interest in the company. List and define the three types of listening. Listening is a primary activity. â€Å"Understanding the nature of listening is the first step toward improving your listening skills. People listen in a variety of ways, which influences what they hear and the meaning they extract. In fact, relying on a single approach to listening limits your effectiveness.† (Thill and Bovà ©e, 2008, pg 53) Here are three of the major types of listening: 1) Critical listening — Critical listening is analyzing and understanding the speakers message. There are four factors in determining the speakers intentions: logic, evidence, conclusion, and implication. If you feel that any important information was omitted from the message, ask questions to deter any bias in the way the message is being presented; 2) Empathic listening — Empathic listening is being able to truly understand the emotions behind the speakers message, their feelings, their needs, their wants, and their true passion behind their message. Even if you disagree with their perspective, let them know you understand and can appreciate their feelings; and 3) Active listening — Active listening is the ability to turn off your own biases and filters and to show the speaker, by asking questions and also giving supportive feedback, that they truly understand the message the speaker is presenting. â€Å"The importance of listening in communication is enormous. People often focus on their speaking ability believing that good speaking equals good communication. The ability to speak well is a necessary component to successful communication. The ability to listen is equally as important. Listening takes work and when it comes to improving our communication there is no getting around that.† (http://EzineArticles.com/210731) Describe two instances in your life when you either used or observed nonverbal communication. Define the type of nonverbal communication using the information in the text and discuss how it affected the conversation. â€Å"Paying special attention to nonverbal signals in the workplace will enhance your ability to communicate successfully. Moreover, as you interact with business associates from other backgrounds, youll discover that some nonverbal signals dont necessarily translate across cultures. The range and variety of nonverbal signals are almost endless, but you can grasp the basics by studying six general categories.† (Thill and Bovà ©e, 2008, pg 57) Below are two instances in my life where Ive used and observed two out of the six categories, â€Å"personal appearance† and â€Å"facial expression†. I was interviewing a potential employee to work in my restaurant. This individual had several tattoos and body piercings. Now considering that a front-line employee is the first person a customer sees when they come into a restaurant, this is not the impression I wanted my customers to have. Based on the position that this person was interviewing for and that they are coming to an interview dressed this way, they were non-verbally telling me by their personal appearance, that this is what I should expect of them if they were to come to work for me. I truly had a hard time focusing on any of their responses as I couldnt understand how they thought this type of appearance was acceptable to be hired for any type of position in an establishment where they would be dealing with the public. Needless to say, this person was not hired to work at my restaurant. An instance of observing nonverbal communication was during a mandatory meeting that was called at work and during the meeting one particular individual stood out as you could hear him making little snide remarks about what the speaker was saying, and then used the facial expression of rolling his eyes. This individual also would use posture such as slouching in his chair for awhile then he pulled out his cell phone and started to text. The meeting was actually very informative about a new product the company was developing and was asking for everyones input on ideas for marketing. Since this individual was not listening during the meeting, in the end when we all got back to our desks, he had to go around and ask other co-workers what it was he was supposed to do. Most of the workers told him he would need to go ask his supervisor. Whether he did or not, no one knew, nor did anyone know if he turned in his idea. He was around for about another 2 months, and then we heard he had found another job and wouldnt be back. â€Å"Good communication skills can help you in both your personal and professional life. While verbal and written communication skills are important, research has shown that nonverbal behaviors make up a large percentage of our daily interpersonal communication†. (http://psychology.about.com/od/nonverbalcommunication/tp/nonverbaltips.htm) Nonverbal communication has the potential of sending out the wrong message, whether its misinterpreted, or if what you say doesnt match your actions. Describe the measures that help team members resolve conflict. It is inevitable that at some point in ones professional career they will be on a team where conflict arises. There are numerous reasons for conflict: lack of clarity, decisions have already been made on their own and are unwilling to discuss any further, different values, past history/personalities, or one believes there is completion for some type of resource. There are measures to help team members resolve conflicts — Proaction, communication, openness, research, flexibility, fair play, and alliance. Here are descriptions of each of the conflict resolutions as mentioned: 1) Proaction is when you work out, deal with, a minor conflict before it erupts into a major conflict; 2) Communication is needed to resolve a conflict. This is accomplished by getting those directly involved to communicate to resolve the conflict; 3) Openness is getting all feelings out in the open, and then the main issue at hand can be dealt with; 4) Research is the need to get the facts for the problem before being able to determine any solutions for the problem; 5) Flexibility is being able to be open-minded. Dont let anyones stubbornness get in the way of them being able to consider other solutions to the problem; 6) Fair play is not letting anyone hide behind the rules to avoid getting a fair solution; and 7) Alliance is fighting together as opponents of the outside force, rather than fighting against each other. In order to achieve a win-win solution, teams must be aware of, and learn how to keep destructive conflict from diverting their focus and energy, and also how both sides can satisfy their goals, at least to an extent.

Religious Architecture From The Stone Age History Essay

Religious Architecture From The Stone Age History Essay Religious architecture has always played an important part in the development of architecture. At the same time, religious architecture mirrors religious views of people and the major beliefs of the society. Religious buildings and architectural structures performed an important function in the life of the society because they were places where people could worship their deities and share their common values and beliefs. Often, religious buildings and structures were places, where people could find the psychological assistance from the part of priests or other believers. In addition, religious architecture contributed to the promotion of religious beliefs because its main purpose was to impress the public and to serve as a bridge between the real world and the divine world, between believers and deities. In this regard, the development of religious architecture mirrors the transformation of religious views of people and, at the same time, the evolution of religious architecture allow s to trace the evolution of religious views of people in the course of centuries, from the Stone Age to the Gothic Era. The development of religious architecture dates back to the Stone Age, when people have just started to develop early architectural forms. In fact, the Stone Age was the time, when religious views of people were uncertain, they develop animism, totemic religious views and other religious and beliefs, which were grounded on their perception of the surrounding nature and their inability to comprehend adequately natural phenomena and to condition their environment to their needs. As a result, the early religious views of people of the Stone Age involved the worshiping of the power of nature, including the worshiping of son, wind, rain, and other natural phenomena. At the same time, the religious architecture developed respectively to these beliefs of people. In actuality, only a few manifestations of religious architecture of the Stone Age have survived till present days. In this regard, it is possible to refer to the Stonehenge as one of the most impressing architectural works of the S tone Age. In fact, specialists () keep debating concerning the purpose of the Stonehenge. In this regard, the religious function of the Stonehenge is just one of the versions what the Stonehenge was actually built for. Nevertheless, it is obvious that the Stonehenge was constructed accurately and respectively to astronomic observations of ancient architects. The use of natural materials in the construction of the Stonehenge reveal the respect of people to the power of nature but the construction of the Stonehenge impresses even the contemporary public, whereas in the Neolithic time, the public was even more impressed by such a magnificent architectural work. At the same time, the impact of the Stonehenge on the public reveals the significance of religious architecture and religion for people of the Stone Age. In the ancient world, religious architecture kept progressing, especially in centers of ancient civilizations, such as Egypt, Assyria, Greece and Rome. The common feature of the ancient religious architecture was the construction of temples dedicated to many gods. In fact, there were attempts to introduce monotheism and to develop temples dedicated to one god only but all those attempts failed. It was only in the late Roman period, monotheistic religion and religious architecture had started to emerge but they still competed with the dominating polytheistic views and traditional religious architecture. The domination of polytheism contributed to the construction of temples dedicated to different gods. In this respect, it is possible to refer to Roman Pantheon, as well as numerous temples dedicated to different gods not only in Rome but also in ancient Greece, Egypt and other cultural centers of the ancient world. The situation has started to change consistent in the Middle Ages. As the matter of fact, the Medieval religious architecture was the architecture dominated by monotheistic views, at least in Europe and Islamic countries of Asia and Africa. In the Middle Ages, religious architecture gave in to the dominated monotheism and temples and churches constructed in the Middle Ages were oriented on the worshiping of one god only. At the same time, it is still possible to trace the common purpose of the religious architecture of the ancient world and the Medieval era. The main purpose of the religious architecture was to attract the public, to impress the public, and what was even more important, to make people attending temples and worshiping the god. In such a way, temples still played the role of cultural and scientific centers, although the latter was quite paradoxical from the contemporary point of view. The religious architecture was characterized by the wide use of arcs and dooms in rel igious buildings, especially churches as well as mosques. The difference in style was determined by local peculiarities but the main point of construction of religious buildings was to provide believers with the possibility to assemble together and worship their god. The Gothic architecture was the new step in the development of the religious architecture and the Gothic religious architecture was mainly the characteristic of European or, to put it more precisely, western European religious architecture. The Gothic architecture was traditionally associated with cathedrals, such as the Notre Dame de Paris. These cathedrals were monumental works with large arch windows, high ceiling and sharp roofs, ribbed vaults, and flying buttress. In fact, the Gothic religious architecture was really impressing and it was different from the Roman style, which used to be popular in the Middle Ages. In actuality, the Gothic religious architecture impressed the imagination of the public. At the same time, these religious buildings often included elements, such as statues of some fancied animals, which frightened, in a way, the public. In such a way, the Gothic religious architecture attempted to combine the classical medieval architecture with new trends and tradit ions of ancient architecture. Thus, taking into account all above mentioned, it is important to place emphasis on the fact that the development of the religious architecture contributed to the consistent changes in the use of forms and styles of religious buildings and constructions. The religious architecture changed respectively to the change of the religion and religious of people and mirrored these changes. The religious architecture grew more and more complicated from the Stone Age, with its simplicity of forms and styles, to the Gothic religious architecture, with its extremely complicated forms and styles. Obviously, the development of the religious architecture aimed at the promotion of religion but, in addition, the religious architecture played an important cultural part because it stimulated the respect of people to religion because many religious buildings were true works of art.

Urban Legend of Glenn Dale Hospital :: Urban Legends Ghost Stories

Glenn Dale Hospital Many urban legends get passed down to others from information people hear, read, and experience on their own. Stories get manipulated and exaggerated over time and reasons for the story’s existence can vary. The true story of Glenn Dale Hospital appears to be rather clear according to credible sources – but this does not stop people from creating their own myths and legends and believing what others tell them is true. The story was told to me by a white female college sophomore that I have known for many years. We happened to be back home over the same weekend and I happened to be on the hunt for an urban legend; luckily she was eager to tell me about her experience trying to visit Glenn Dale Hospital. The following is the story I was told, as close to verbatim as possible: I remember it was Freshman year [in high school] and all the upper class lacrosse girls told us to meet at one of the girl’s houses because we were going to go to a party. We met up there, and got into three different cars and started driving. The van I was in had 6 other girls in it and I was pretty good friends with the senior driving it so it didn’t take long for the senior to tell us that we weren’t really going to a party – and that we were going to go visit an abandoned insane asylum. I had never heard of Glenn Dale Hospital and the entire trip, we were told of how many unexplainable deaths used to occur at the hospital and how if you go there today, you can still hear the screams of the patients throughout the halls. I don’t remember what road we ended up on, but next thing I knew – it was all of us freshman walking through a long field seeing a large building in front of us. The closer we got†¦ the slower we walked. We started ta lking about everything we had heard in the trip up. One girl mentioned that there are still bodies and papers left in the hospital and that the place was abandoned after the workers refused to keep working there after so many inexplicable deaths. Another mentioned that there are always cops patrolling the place and you can get arrested for trespassing. Ironically, as soon as the girl finished talking about the cop, we heard a loud voice from the other side of the building.

John Updikes A&P Essay -- English Literature

John Updike's A&P Many of the events that take place in John Updike's "A&P" would not have happened had the town lived under a Marxist society. Marxism is a socio-economic ideal where all people work for the good of the community and is characterized by not having any social class distinctions. The division of Classes in "A&P" is very apparent, especially between Sammy, the protagonist and first person narrator, and the three girls, one of the three antagonists, who walk into the store during the exposition. There is also a cast disparity between Sammy and Lengel, the store manager and another antagonist (along with society, who complete the three). A distinction is also noticeable between the three girls and the rest of the shoppers in the convenience store. The story is told entirely in flashback and is set in a grocery store in a town north of Boston, Massachusetts during one Thursday in summer. During the exposition we learn that Sammy is working one of the cash registers. Later in the story we are told that he is 19 years old and by his description of how his parents treat company we can assume he comes from a middle class family. We are lead to believe during Sammys narration that the three girls, on the other hand, come from a rich or high societal background. The way Queenie is described by Sammy as having prima-donna legs and walking slow while holding herself straight paints a portrait of a high society woman. The fact that Sammy calls her prim twice also leads us in that direction. Sammy looks up to Queenie because she is different and places her on a higher level than the "sheep" in the store. When Sammy quits his job, creating a conflict between he and Lengel, his motive is to become the .. ...ls us she was embarrassed by the whole situation-where she felt out of place because of her high stature in society. These scenes, of course, would never have taken place in Marxist cultures because the government would have provided for it's citizens and the girls would have never found themselves being humiliated in front of a lesser class of people. All the conflicts that take place in Updike's "A&P" would have been avoided in a Marxist society. Lengel and Sammy would have never had a confrontation because Sammy would not have been trying to impress a high society girl. Likewise, the three girls would not have found themselves shopping for a snack in the A&P because the government would have provided it for them. This leaves us with one question, however, In a Marxist society, would Sammy have realized his adulthood or would he have remained a child?

Crime Are Positivist Criminology Essay

Positive Criminology, an approach which attempts to explain criminal actions not as an exercise of free will or of one’s choosing, but rather as a consequence of multiple different internal and external.   Cesare Lombroso (1835 – 1909), an Italian criminologist views that criminals are born not made, and criminal an example of nature, not nurture. Focused on biological and psychological factors to explain criminal behavior, and studied cadavers of executed criminals in an effort to determine scientifically whether criminals were physically any different from non-criminals, he believed that people were born criminals and facial features of criminals included things like enormous jaws and strong canine teeth. â€Å"Atavism† In the 1960s, positivist criminologists argued that criminal behaviour lies in abnormal chromosomes, the XYY theory argued that violent male (genes)criminals have an abnormal XYY (super male) chromosome (XY is the normal pattern in males) The Positivist theory of criminals being born rather than made died out, and there were moral implications with this. Classical criminology is an approach to the legal system that arose during the Enlightenment in the 1700s. Philosophers like Cesare Beccaria, John Locke, and Jeremy Bentham expanded upon social contract theory to explain why people commit crime and how societies could effectively combat crime. The concepts continue to play a large role in the legal systems of many nations today, although the approach in the modern world tends to be a bit more flexible. It is important to understand the context in which classical criminology was developed. During the Enlightenment, Europe was changing radically, with many nations emerging from feudal monarchies and radically reforming their laws. Across Europe, the law was wildly inconsistent and applied even more inconsistently. Judges and other legal officials often lacked extensive training, and prescribed punishments totally out of proportion to some crimes while ignoring others. Many people recognized the  need for a more uniform and effective justice system, and this approach was the result. According to the theorists, human beings are self-interested animals, but they are also extremely rational. While people will tend to do things that are in their own self interest, they also understand that some actions actually conflict with this, and many societies develop a social contract that dictates human behavior, with humans mutually agreeing to refrain from activities that hurt each other or society. People also have free will, which means that they can opt to violate the social contract. For example, someone might steal or murder to accomplish a self-interested goal. By having consistent punishments in place that are proportional to the crime and applied rapidly, classical criminologists argue, the legal system will create deterrents to crime. Rather than committing a crime with a degree of uncertainty about the punishment, people in a nation with a clear and concise legal system will be well aware of the consequences of violating the law and the social contract, and they may think twice before committing crime. One of the big problems with classical criminology is that it does not allow for extenuating circumstances. Someone who robs a business for profit is treated exactly the same as someone who robs a business in order to eat, and some people feel that this is inhumane. Others feel that the assumption of free will is also somewhat questionable, as people may be forced into making decisions as a result of their circumstances or socioeconomic class. Sociological criminology is the largest number of criminological theories have been developed through sociological inquiry. These theories have generally asserted that criminal behavior is a normal response of biologically and psychologically normal individuals to particular kinds of social circumstances. Examples of these approaches include the theory of differential association, which claims that all criminal behavior is learned and that the learning process is influenced by the extent of the individual’s contact with persons who commit crimes. The more an individual associates with such persons, the more likely it becomes that he will learn and adopt criminal values and behaviors.  Ã‚  Sociological criminology include the following theories; Social Disorganization(Chicago School) is identified with neighborhood studies of crime and delinquency that focus particularly on the spatial patterns of such behavior, especially as reflected in maps of their spatial distributions. It assumes crime as a product of geopolitical environmental, or call as urban ecology(by Park and Burgess). The rapid social changes (e.g. population growth, rapid immigration or migration) causes the breakdown of normative structure or community, the left-alone youngsters becomes the delinquent subcultures, the crime is the transitional neighborhoods that manifest social disorganization and value conflict. And the urban ecology urban cities can be compartmentalize in five zones, from centre to outside are 1.Central Business District; 2.Transitional Zone; 3.Working Class Zone; 4.Residental Zone and 5.Commuter Zone, and the crime and social problems are usually happened in Zone 2, which is contained many recent immigrant groups, deteriorated housing, fact ories and abandoned buildings. (OUHK, 2013, tutorial 2, unit 2) Strain Theory is a sociological theory that tries to explain why people may be drawn to delinquency or crime. According to the theory, some crime may be linked to the presence of anger and frustration that is created by societal or personal strain. When a person cannot legitimately achieve the accepted goals of a society, he or she may turn to illicit means to create success. Three of the fundamental goals that contribute to strain-related crime are the pursuit of wealth, achievement of status and respect, and the need for autonomy. Sometimes is known as â€Å"American Dream†. Peoples see crime as a function of relative deprivation, and the theory assumes that the social structure as the source of crime. (OUHK, 2013, tutorial 2, unit 2) Subculture Theory is that human behavior is learned via social interaction, most of the delinquency/ crime is learnt by exposing to anti-social definitions or becoming part of a group were delinquency is already established. (OUHK, 2013, tutori al 2, unit 2) Drift Theory is telling that human beings will look crime in conformist, give excuse to make the crime become reasonable and not as an illegal action, individual drift in/ out of delinquency by ‘neutralization'(e.g. denial). (OUHK, 2013, tutorial 2, unit 2) Social Control Theories tells that there is a non-pathological relationship between a criminal and a  non-criminal, delinquent act due to a weak or the broken of ‘social bond’ (attachment, commitment, involvement, belief) to conventional significant reference groups (e.g. family, school) causes the less reluctant to commit crime. (OUHK, 2013, tutorial 2, unit 2) Labeling Theory assumes that individuals would be influenced by stigmatization, crime/ deviance as a result of labeling / stereotyping, a Primary deviance (yet to be labeled) will be reinforced by limited opportunities and ‘self-fulfilling’ prophecy, and then to become a Secondary deviance (subsequent behavior according to the lable given) . (OUHK, 2013, tutorial 2, unit 2) Critical Criminology is telling that the source of conflicts inside the society is the political interest and inequality (capitalist vs working class), base on this assumption, the criminal law seems only a protection of the dominance, and the crime defined by the powerful. (OUHK, 2013, tutorial 2, unit 2) Environmental Criminology is including four main theories which are Jane Jacobs’s compartmentalization; Oscar Newman’s defensible space; Rational Choice Theory(RCT) and Routine Activity Theory(RAT). Jane Jacobs’s Compartmentalization is a modern design change lead to breakdown of social control hence lead to crime, compartmentalization of urban space into different zones lead to breakdown of social control (e.g. insufficient social interaction, unattended areas )hence lead to crime, the application of compartmentalization theory is to change the land use,(e.g. mixing land use) , or increase security for unattended areas. (OUHK, 2013, tutorial 2, unit 2) Oscar Newman’s defensible space is similarly to Jane Jacobs’s theory, but focus more on building design or location, for example on these main points: 1.Territoriality, 2.Surveillance, 3.Image, 4.Envirnment, the theory thinks that the factors of the high crime rate is because anonymous open public space, many corridors and exits, insufficient lighting, location next to ‘bad areas’, etc, which is a bad design in the building or locations. To solve these problems , Oscar Newman suggest a thinking is call Crime prevention through environmental design(CPTED). (OUHK, 2013, tutorial 2, unit 2) Rational Choice Theory(RCT) emphasize the crime ‘opportunity’, offenders which is rationally weigh information on their personal needs and situational factors involved in the difficult and risk of committing a crime which is gain greater than lose. It will become easier to reduce crime by  increase the risk of the offenders and reduce the opportunity of the offenders to commit crime. (OUHK, 2013, tutorial 2, unit 2) Routine Activity Theory(RAT) emphasize social context, it thinks that crime is a function of 1.motivated o ffender, 2.availability of suitable target and 3.absence of capable guardians. In this theory, assumed that motivated offender can not be change, we have to reduce availability of suitable target and increase security measures to reduce crime. (OUHK, 2013, tutorial 2, unit 2) As a result, Environmental Criminology is the most practical approach to the security manager, consider the Positive Criminology is the theory that criminals are born, and which their biological problems makes them to commit crime, a security manager can not control the customers biological problems and how they are born, so this Positive Criminology is not a suitable approach a security manager to use; the Classical Perspective suggested that the greater punishment issue, the less crime will be, but as a security manager, when they detected crime happen, they can only refer the crime to the legal system and the security manager do not have to right to issue any punishment to the criminals; the Sociological Criminology is telling that criminals are infect by the social structure, economic, social interactions, which are the factors that a security manager can not control any of them, the Environmental Criminology suggested that Crime prevention through environmental design(CPTED), wh ich a security manager can change the design of a shop furnishings, or a plaza settings that can reduce availability of suitable target in the shop or plaza and increase security measures inside to reduce crime happen in a security manager control area. References List The Open University of Hong Kong (2013). LESM A204 tutorial 2 Criminology for the security manager (unit 2). Hong Kong :OUHK http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/143163/criminology/272204/Sociological-theories http://psychologydictionary.org/positivist-criminology/ http://sociologycriminology.wordpress.com/positive-theory-positivism/ http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-classical-criminology.htm

Egt1 Task 1

EGT1 Task 1 In this paper I am going to define a few common economic terms and explain their relationships to other economic terms. I will also explain how profit maximizing firms determine their optimal level of output and how a profit maximizing firm will react to different levels of marginal revenue. Marginal revenue is the extra revenue that will be made by a firm when the firm sells one additional unit of a product.Total revenue is simply the sum of a firm's sales of a specified quantity of a particular product. So, while marginal revenue is telling how much extra money selling each additional product will make a firm, total revenue is telling how much the firm will make by selling a given quantity. Marginal cost is the what it will cost a firm to produce one more unit of product. Total cost is the total economic cost a firm incurs for producing a given quantity of a certain product.Profit is simply the a firm's total revenue after the firm pays for its operating costs, and prof it maximization is the the course of action that a firm takes to determine how much they will produce and what they will charge per unit of production in order to provide the firm with the greatest possible profit in either the long run or the short run time frame of a firm.A profit-maximizing firm determines its optimal level of out put by finding the point where marginal cost is equal to marginal revenue. Meaning that, when the cost of producing an additional, or extra, unit of product is equal to the amount of extra revenue. This point is the peak of the firm's profit maximizing potential. An additional unit of product after this point will only result in costing the firm money, rendering marginal revenue as zero or negative.If a profit maximizing firm's marginal revenue is greater than marginal cost, the firm will continue adding another unit of product to production as long as marginal revenue is greater than or equal to marginal cost. If a profit-maximizing firm's marginal rev enue is less than marginal cost, the firm would need to reduce its output to the point of optimal output where marginal revenue is again equal to marginal cost. EGT1 Task 1 References McConnell, C. R. , Brue, S. L. , & Flynn, S. M. (2012). Economics: principles, problems, and policies. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau and Wollstonecraft

Looking to the science of the day, Hobbes determined that there was no soul and attempted to describe human nature as pure mechanics. Human nature was therefore driven by the need to satisfy the physical demands of the body and based on basic passions in life. These are to satisfy physical appetites, to seek power to maintain their wealth and to be superior to others by seeking glory. Hobbes saw the state nature as â€Å"solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. † The state of nature is anarchy, with constant violence (or potential violence) by amoral leaders terrorizing the population.Reason is the answer that will lead to a social contract and government. Individuals will give up their individual rights and freedoms to secure peace. Morality and property can then be dictated by the state, since human nature is not equipped to handle those concepts without conflict. This will allow each person to then pursue their own self-interests without fear of violence. The sovereign au thority is the office or institution of government that is contracted by the people. It is the artificial construct onto which the powers are conveyed by the social contract.The only limits to the sovereign’s powers are self-imposed, since it must exist outside of the population; although it should always strive for the good of the people to remain legitimate. Civil law is dictated by the sovereign. Civil law should be designed to promote well-being and progress for society with appropriate punishments for law breakers. Hobbes believed in an absolute monarchy. By making one man in charge, it would make it easy for the people to understand their roles and obey laws.With no confusing dissension or contrary views, people do not have to waste time and effort making political decisions; after all, that’s why they entered the social contract in the first place. He did not, however, believe in the ‘divine right’ or hereditary kings; the contract was conveyed upon an ancestor, which has no bearing on the legitimacy of the heir to rule. Although Locke’s views are similar to Hobbes’, they are not quite as grim and fearful. Similar to Hobbes, he believes that people are naturally free and equal. Locke believes that man is social by nature and is naturally moral, rational and egoistic.In a state of nature, man will generally act with a mutual trust and respect and honor their commitments and obligations to other. Although he emphasizes these positive traits of humanity, he recognizes that since that is not always the case, people will need to form a type of social contract to preserve their rights and liberties. For Hobbes, natural law is a selfish state where people do not recognize the rights of others’ property and liberty. Locke believes that, although they don’t always act in accordance with it, man inherently knows right from wrong and are capable of acting in a lawful manner.The goal of government is to preserv e the rights to life, liberty, health and property of its society and to pursue the public good even where this may conflict with the rights of individuals. It is also to punish wrongdoers and transgressors of the laws it sets for the common good. Since ones path to salvation and religious preferences fall outside those boundaries, government should not enforce or espouse any one form of religion over another. Class and hierarchy is a natural outgrowth of Locke’s views on property.Credited as the founder of the â€Å"Protestant work ethic†, Locke believed that those who worked hard will possess more. By agreeing to have money be an equalizing factor for trade, this will naturally contribute to some having more wealth than others. This is fine and natural, as long as the producers are working without injustice or injury to others. In retrospect, Locke may be considered the father of feminism. Although he still believed women should be subordinate to men, he also noted t hat women were capable of rationality and equally shared in the paternal power of raising children.Most notably, he claimed that marriage was a contract entered into by both parties and that both should be able to dissolve the contract at will; it took almost 300 years for society to catch up and instigate no fault divorces. Locke believed government should be formed with both an executive and legislative branches. The legislative determines the laws and may assign judicial, or magistrates, to exercise it. The executive is responsible for enforcing the laws and conducting foreign affairs. There should be a system of checks and balances between the two branches, to avoid despotism and illegitimate governments.Since a monarchy puts the power of both branches into one person, Locke believed all monarchies to be illegitimate forms of government. By advocating some form of representative or democratic government, society can insure that there representatives are working in their best int erests. Despotism occurs when either of the two branches of government exceed their authority and begin acting against the benefit of the people. Civil society can then remove the offenders from office through their electoral process or agree to set up a new form of government.When the people are denied these means to choose their government, violent revolution may be the answer. Rousseau believes that the state of nature is solitary existence guided by two principles – self-preservation and compassion. Social interactions were driven by the necessity to satisfy their own needs; war and aggression would be unlikely, since primitive man’s compassion drove him to avoid suffering of others. Civilization and establishment of nuclear families led to the beginnings of society, which corrupted the state of nature and led to human nature.Human nature is based on oppression and inequality, the haves dominating over the have nots. Society and governments were established to prot ect the rights and properties of the few landowners without regard to the rights of the laborers. His path to liberation is paved with a just, moral civil society that works for the benefit of all of its members. People must draw on their compassion and work towards the good of society, rather than selfish goals. In this manner, a social contract can be formed that will benefit all of society.Rousseau’s social contract involves an overhaul of civilization and a community that is willing to that is willing to forfeit all of their rights. Although not necessarily a violent revolution, he suggests that liberated people form a new community and create a government. This moral body of citizens would only consider the greater good and not selfish, private interests. He does not envision this to be without economic inequality, however, as long as it does not interfere with political equality; there should not be a situation where one man is able to buy or sell a vote.The basis of le gislative power is the general will of the people. Although entrance into the community must be unanimous, voting is done by majority. All citizens must participate in open discussion before voting. Votes should only be counted from those expressing the general will; those voting based on selfish interests should be discounted, although no practical way of knowing or enforcing this is described. Since authority and freedoms all reside within the general will, transgressors against the general will can be coerced or forced to liberate themselves.There are underlying conditions necessary for the formation of the social contract. There must be a legislator, a divinely enlightened man who will lead the community into an understanding of its true public interest. He initiates the contract and then retires before he can be corrupted. A civil religion is necessary, one that does not divide the community’s loyalties. The civil religion is founded on the way of life of the citizens, i ncluding customs and traditions. It must include belief in God, immortality of the soul and the social contract.The society must be small, modeled after the polis, and agricultural in nature, rather than founded on commerce or industry. The executive institutions are the bureaucracy of the sovereign. The magistrate lays down the laws and is supported by policeman and jailors. The censor is in charge of compliance with the civil religion, using education to guide people. The censor monitors the arts and sciences to insure people are not whiling away their time and distraction themselves from the common good.Two other offices may be used in exigent circumstances to allow for checks on the government. A tribunate can be used to limit the magistrate or a dictator can be used as supreme commander in war or natural disasters. Government should take the form of a republic, with full participation in the legislature and delegation of authority for the executive. Depending on the wealth and size of the state, monarchy, non-hereditary aristocracy or democracy could be acceptable forms of executive. Rousseau was adamant that men and women were vastly different and should be educated appropriately.Men should learn a trade and how to become an enlightened citizen. Women should learn how to raise children, tend house and be a good wife. He did not consider women rational enough to be citizens. Education is not to be done by rote memorization, but is instead to take the form of exploration and learning through experience. In direct response to Rousseau, Wollstonecraft argues that educating women in the same fashion as men makes them better able to function in the roles of wife, mother and daughter.She argues that virtues are not gender specific, but without equal education, women cannot achieve virtues founded on knowledge. Since education begins in the home and mothers were to raise the children, women must be educated to be better mothers and provide their children with ne cessary education. Wollstonecraft sees human nature as truly equal, including equality between the sexes. The basic capacities of all humans are the same for reason and knowledge and the difference between the sexes has arisen out of the societal constructs that separate them.She supported the concept of a social contract, albeit with the inclusion of women as fully realized citizens. She did not believe that either a monarchy or aristocracy could be a legitimate form of government since it perpetuates the subordination of women. She considers property to be as one of the ills of society because it gives rise to the societal problems, which contribute to keeping women ignorant and subordinate. Civil society must be founded on reason, which women are as capable of as men given the proper opportunities and education.

Hybrid Cars

Hybrid cars are the transportation of the future. Humans have been driving around since the 1880’s. They started off as simple, one-cylinder machines, to today, where they are twelve cylinder animals. From fuel-efficient coupes, to gas guzzling SUVs, or even the ultra expensive supercars, all use gasoline. The use of this gasoline makes or breaks the selling point of the car. We base the cars off of their utility; the gas-guzzlers may be the ones with the most torque and pulling power, but the gas savers protect the environment and maybe save a few pennies in the pocket.Overall, the controversy is whether hybrid cars are really that much better than their all gas counterparts. Hybrid cars may save the environment from fuel emissions, but they do not save the driver nay substantial amount of money overall. The basics of a hybrid car are pretty easy, but the complexity comes with comparing them to all gasoline cars. The main aspect of a hybrid car is the engine. In normal gasoli ne cars there is only one engine, but in hybrid cars there is one gasoline engine and one electric engine. The two engines work in harmony; if the electric engine runs out of power the gasoline engine charges it.This process saves money on gas. Typically, a hybrid car get around 48-60 miles per gallon. This is a lot of mileage compared to most gasoline cars, which average about 18-26 miles per gallon. In addition to getting more gas mileage, hybrid cars cut down on fuel emissions. This can be illustrated by this graph: Another important aspect of a hybrid car is actually when it is coming to a stop. In a plain old car all of the energy and momentum that had been gained through accelerating is lost when braking. This makes city travel rather inefficient. Hybrids fix this; they capture breaking energy and use it to charge the battery.This not only saves fuel but also has less wear and tear on the break pads. In the same ballpark as the breaking, the engine saves fuel by turning off an d on often. When a hybrid vehicle comes to a complete stop the engine turns off and saves energy. It then restarts and turns back on once the accelerator is pressed. By doing this, energy is not wasted through idling. Utilizing the electric engine, it creates a boost for the combustion engine paired with it. This allows a smaller, less clunky, and more efficient engine to be used. Overall, the differences of the hybrid car make for a new technological driving experience.The value of a hybrid car is based off of its practicality. Does it really do what it says it does? Does it save me any money on gas? Does it function to cut down on emissions? Is it worth the extra money? Well here’s some information: a Honda Civic gets around 36 miles per gallon, a typical hybrid costs around $19,000-$25,000, a typical gas vehicle costs around $14,000-$17,000. The price difference comes from the complexity in the process of building the car. Also, not only affecting the price, the production of the car creates plenty of emissions and a whole bunch of energy. This puts â€Å"zero emission vehicles† to sleep.Creating another question, â€Å"Are all of these statistics true? † The production of hybrid cars has almost solely come from foreign countries, such as japan and China. Only recently have American companies been trying to dip their hand into the hybrid pool. Overall, the American creation of hybrids has only been poor attempts just to put their name out there in the market. Doing this is focusing on adding to their all gas cars because they also promote fuel efficiency. The drawbacks are clear and make the pros not quite outweigh the cons in the end. The wheel-to-well aspect put the nail in the coffin for hybrid cars.Focusing on the entire production, the process cancels its strives for efficiency by its complexity. Also, the argument for â€Å"zero emissions† is also false due to the process to create the car itself. Finally, the fuel usage ma y be a bit better then typical gas vehicles; it does not cancel out the immense price jump to the hybrid. This makes the price of the car not worth it, and much more favorable to buy it gas counterpart. Overall, the verdict is that a hybrid car does not really do that much for the driver except for its major selling points, â€Å"It’s a green, new technology! †

Day After Tomorrow Reaction Paper Essay

My first day of school in my first year was so memorable but I felt a little bit nervous also because I was afraid, because I met my new classmates new teachers and new schoolmates. My first friend I met in our classroom was Edwin. Edwin and I, we always teased Charisa Suan that she was a fatty girl, and â€Å"WALAY LIGO’’ and Charisa got angry with us. And next was Roi, and Christian, we’ve been friends because of the dota, every our lunch break we went Internet Cafà © without taking our lunch because our attention was focus on the game and we don’t mind our lunch. Our adviser Ms.Flordelyn Magallanes before but now she is Mrs.Flordelyn Funtanar, she got angry with us during her period because we always came her subject late, and Mam Flordelyn Funtanar began irritate with us and she scolded with me and my classmates. The day I will not forget, when Mam Flordelyn, locked the door of our room, because we came late during her subject, and there we just listened in windows while he discussed our lessons. Sometimes during lunch break when we don’t have money we played â€Å"Takyan† on playground inside the campus together with my boys classmates. After we played and the bell rang, our clothes was so dirty and we smell sweat. And Mam Flordelyn again got irritated with us, because she said â€Å"Mura daw mi ug mga bata’’ Our school have a many activities. In a month of July, we celebrated Nutrition Month. In August,Buwan ng Wika. During our Buwan Ng Wika we ate together with my classmates in our room and we enjoyed it. In September, we have an Intramurals, everybody was so busy because of preparations. In our Intrams, we have Litmus Night, every Department has a participant to show their talents. We have also a fieldtrip in the month of January. Fieldtrip was my favorite activity in school. We have 4 Destination in our fieldtrip in Carmelite, Rehab In Sta Isabel and Polanco and last was in Cogon Eco Park, that was so tiring but we enjoyed it the most. In Carmelite when we arrived that placed I saw many children that all of them was have no parents  and I thanks God because I have my parents they never leave me, regardless of my bad attitude sometimes, they love for me was so unconditionally. In Rehab also I saw many young people inside the Rehab. In Cogon Eco Park was the most I enjoyed so much because I saw a few animals there. We took many pictures with my classmates there. In December we have also a Christmas Party, I enjoyed that time, we have also an exchange gift, parlor games, and we ate together our food during our lunch with my classmates and teachers. In the month of February we have two activities that we celebrate, and that was the Valentines Day and High School Night. In during Valentines Day I saw many couple, dating. They have also a booth. Like Marriage Booth, Blind Date and etc. and that was so enjoyed also because I saw many students running because maybe they afraid to put a handcuffs in their hands and brought on stage and to have their fake wedding in front of many people inside the campus. In our High School Night, was so memorable because it was my first time to attend that kind of activity. I and my classmates performed ‘’Handmime’’ in titled with ‘’Who Am I’’. All my classmates and I wearing all black and white gloves on our hands. And that was teached by our Mathematics teacher before Mr. Asisclo Salaveria. My Second Year was so exciting because, I’m with my Sophomore life. I went school very early because I’m so excited to see my classmates and specially my new classmates. I want to met with them and to know also with them who are they. When I arrived at school I saw my classmates since in Elementary they are Edwin Romero and Wilromer Ponte we’ve known each other because we’ve came from the same school during our elementary days. When my classmates has not yet came, we have a little chit-chat with my classmates about our Summer Vacation, what happened about their summer vacation and where did they spent their vacation. When my all classmates was came we started our class by giving our teachers scheduled to our subject. As usual, during lunch break we went to Internet Cafà © to played Dota, but sometimes when we went school we do not late because we’ve early to finish our game. During our last period in afternoon and that was Araling  Panlipunan, Mam Alonso always discussing a lessons eventhough it’s time for dismissal to went home but she continue what she doing. And all of us was late afternnon when we went home. During June we have a parade in Plaza Magsaysay up to Boulevard, that Parade was for Independence Day. In July, Nutrition Month, we make a booth to display ourvegetables and fruits to sell. In August, Buwan Ng Wika we celebrate that also, we have Program, there was also an Competition. In September, was the Intramurals Day, and again everybody was busy because of the preparations for our Intrams, eventhough the teachers also was busy, when the day of Intrams came, the opening was full of people inside the campus to watch specially during the Litmus Night. But before that we have a parade in the morning and mass in Catholic Church and the venue of parade was in Plaza Magsaysay uo to Minaog it was so tiring but it was enjoy also. I attend a cheerdance with my classmates and schoolmates to compete in every Department and we got a Champion of that Competition. In December, was our Christmas Party, we brought food and our adviser that time was Mam Teresa Acaylar, we have also an Parlor Ga mes. In February, Valentines Day and also a High School Night. During Valentines Day, I’ve saw again a different booth conducted by SSG officers. There was again a Marriage Booth on stage, a dark room for Blind Date. And after that day was our High School Night, I wear a long sleeve and Amercana. And after I arrived in the venue, the top Plaza Hotel. I saw my boys classmates, and we went to the CR, borrow the Digital of April Grace and we took so many pictures with my classmates. And when the program started everybody was so happy. And we have an also a Disco. During my third year days, was so happy because finally I’m in my Junior Life. Third Year was so difficult for me because there was so many reporting in every subject by the helped of my classmates I can do it. Like in first Year and Second Year, in every month we have activity we celebrated. During June 12 that was a Parade for Independence Day the venue was in Plaza Magsaysay up to Boulevard. In July, that the time again for celebrating Nutrition Month, we made again a booth to display our vegetables and fruits that we bring and to compete also who had a booth has beautiful  and clean. And there was also a Program on stage contest for Poster-Making. And in August that was a Buwan Ng Wika, there was also an activity on stage, contest for a folk dance and how to harana the girl properly in their house. In September, the Intrams. I attend cheerdance. And in December is our Christmas Party, I gave Rejane P. Bularon a gift to her because I’ve got a chrush on her. And in January was a Valentines Day and High School. In January was fieldtrip in Oklahoma Island and it was a very long trip. And I enjoyed swim in Oklahoma with my classmates. To get the starfish. And I enjoyed also inside t he van we laugh with my classmates and having a foodtrip inside the van.

Auditing and Reporting of Business Performance Coursework

Auditing and Reporting of Business Performance - Coursework Example The Internal Auditing System need to follow a structured model within the organization's business framework that enables the business data to be fetched from various data sources such that they can be mapped with the Strategic Business Objectives within the auditing framework. Given that the strategic objectives of every business would be different, an empirical analysis pertaining to an industrial sector in general may not be completely useful to every company in that Industry. However, Organizations can definitely get the direction on the methodology that can lead to successful implementation of an Internal Auditing system which in turn can help in mapping the internal systems & processes of the organization with the strategic business objectives. This research is an attempt to establish such an empirical generalization pertaining to the modern practices in auditing and improvement of Business Performance (Hewitt, Bill. 2008. pp50; Pollieri, Maria. 2007. pp26-30; Boerner, Hank. 200 7. pp41-43; James, Mick. 2008. pp27-28) While an external auditor can add value to the internal auditing system of an organization, the actual contributions would be tangible from the internal auditing team only. ... This is because the reports being put forward to the executive management would be effectively modelled and consolidated by an internal team possessing in depth knowledge of the business system of the organization. Given the role & positioning of Internal Auditors, they are best placed to analyze and build these analytical models and generate audit reports that shall help the executive management to take timely proactive steps in order to protect the current competitive advantages as well as form new competitive advantages of the organization in new market segments, locations or countries. These models deliver intelligently analyzed reports pertaining to business performance and hence are commonly known as "Business Performance Management (BPM)" that is supported by the "Business Activity Monitoring (BAM)" systems. A BAM system has the potential to enable a business towards partial or full automation of business modelling & reporting thus ensuring better Process Efficiency, enhanced Employee Productivity, enhanced Customer satisfaction & retention, Transparency, Accuracy & Security of Business Information, improved compliance to Statutory Requirements & Regulations, and finally protection of Business & enhancement of Bottom Lines. The BPM practice essentially changes the way a business operates thus making it more structured, disciplined, informed and well aligned towards the business goals. Such a system unleashes a number of secrets of correlations and analysis pertaining to the business dynamics delivered with excellent levels of accuracy. The Internal Auditors are informed with accurate and consistent data from a tightly integrated and controlled system. (Landry, Steven. P, 2008. p218; April, Carolyn A. and Margulius David L. 2002. pp27) Table of